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Mesopotamia (General Science ADA/ADS/ BS)

Mesopotamia Civilization 

Mesopotamia is a region in southwest Asia that is a testament to the evolution of human civilization between the ancient rivers Tigris ( River Dajla) and Euphrates( River Farat). The region looks very developed due to its excellent climate and geography. There are traces of many such inventions due to the development of this period. ۔ These include math, maps, sailing boats, the concept of time, and the wheel. this was located in the Middle East. The region consisted of the Eastern Mediterranean and many countries in Southwest Asia. It is also a Cradle of Civilization, Mesopotamia consists of two words, meso, and potamos meaning middle and river respectively.

The human beings for the first time in Mesopotamia of the Paleolithic era (14,000 BC) , get settled in houses that came out from the caves.  the people of this era are known as Babylonians. The inhabitants of the region lived in small colonies with circular houses. 5,000 years later, these houses formed agricultural communities after the domestication of animals and the development of agriculture. Because of the two rivers,  the civilization seems to be very developed in irrigation techniques. 
These scattered agrarian communities began in the northern part of the ancient Mesopotamian region and spread south, continuing to grow until several thousand years to form what modern humans would recognize as cities, which were believed to be the work of the Sumerian people.  

Science and Arts

The old civilization of southern Mesopotamia seems very advanced and as they used
  • Painted ceramics, limestone, and metalwork, a silver statuette of kneeling bull that is about 3000 BC old is made up of metal.
  • A goat made up of  metal  that is standing on hind limbs, copper and gold alloys are other examples  of metal used 

Mathematics

  • Mathematics of Mesopotamia was based on base sixty numeral system (sexagesimal)
  • This system was based on minutes and hours consisting of 60 minutes (1 hour ) 1 day (24 hours) 
  • A 360 degrees circle was their measurement. their calendar consisted of 21 days or three weeks 
  • They used instrumental maths for map-making 
  • To measure the shape area they used theorem.
  • Their measurement for circumference of circle and area for square is correct for value pi when its value is equal to three 
  • They multiply the base area and height for the measurement of the volume of a cylinder 
  • A clay tablet is discovered recently which reflects the pi, value of 3.12 instead of 3.14
  • They use miles and kilometers for the measurement of distance 1 km was equal to 11 miles 
  • They also use time miles for measuring the distance to the sun  

Astronomy

  • The start of astrology and astronomy is dated back from this period
  • Based on the cycle of the moon they established a 12-month calendar 
  • A year was divided into two seasons winter and summer. The motion of the planet was predicated on a scientific basis
  • Greek Babylonians had believe that the earth rotates around the sun and revolves around its axes (heliocentric model ) 
  • Babylonian astronomy served as a base for the astronomy of other civilizations

Medicine

  • A very detailed text written by ummânū is a diagnostic handbook about medicine in the era of oldest Babylonian introduces the following things
  • Method of therapy. Etiology ( study of reasons behind the disease )
  • Enemas (a primitive injection). Physical examination
  • Diagnosis (determination of disease according to symptoms) 
  • The prognosis (expected growth of disease)
  • Prescriptions (a specific drug to a specific patient )
  • Symptoms of epilepsy  
  

Technology

  • Many technologies were invented in this era such as
  • Glass and lamp making
  • Metal and copper-working
  • Flood control
  • Irrigation
  • Water storage. Textile weaving
  • They extracted copper, gold, bronze, and iron
  • Different weapons such as maces, daggers swords, and spears were made up of metals like bronze, iron copper. 
  • They decorated their homes with these metals 
  • human first battery   

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