Lessons in Chemistry

Syllabus Outline General Science Semester- I  ADS/BS  Course Description It examines the advanced utilization of the logical technique and the apparatuses and assets that researchers convey to ensure that scientists pass on to guarantee that they produce legitimate and solid assemblages of information Students are then acquainted with three fundamental parts of science Physics, Chemistry, and Biology), their center fundamental standards, significant advancements in these fields and their applications in current life. Understudies will chip away at contextual investigations and lab trials to see how researchers find different functions of nature and the stumbles that they can take while leading any logical request. The last piece of the course centers around the capacities to detach significant science from outskirts science. Students are also exposed to the fundamentals of scientific communication and strategies to identify reliable bodies of knowledge Course Outcomes Through ...

Carnot Cycle (specific for Ideal Gases) If we repeat the Carnot cycle between the temperatures T 2 and T 1   with  n moles fan ideal gas, then we have in line with the following Figure (1)   Step 1: Isothermal reversible expansion at T 2 Step 2: Adiabatic reversible expansion from T2 to T1 Step 3: Isothermal reversible compression at T1  ∆E3 = 0    W3= -q1 = nRT1 In (V4/V3) Step 4: Adiabatic reversible compression from T1 to T2   For the complete cycle ∆E =  0.  So  the total maximum work done, W, must be given by   W = q2 – q1 Further,  W = W1 + W2 + W3 + W4    W  = nRT2 ln (V1/V2) + nRT1 1n (V4/V3) because the two integrals cancel each other. so W = q2-q1  =   nRT2 ln (V1/V2) + nRT1 1n (V4/V3)                             ………..(1) ...

Semester V, Course Title: Physical Chemistry-III.Code Chem-371. Credit Hour 03+1  Quantum Chemistry:  Photoelectric effect, Black body radiation, Bohr atomic model, line spectra of elements, wave and particle nature of matter, de Broglie's equation, Young's double slit experiment, Heisenberg's uncertainty principle, wavefunctions and Bom interpretation of wavefunctions, probability density, eigenfunctions and Born Hamiltonian operator, Schrödinger wave equation, wavefunctions for hydrogen-like atomic orbitals, radial distribution functions, shielding and penetration effective nuclear charge, orbital energies, periodic trends in the properties of the elements in the periodic table Chemical Application- of Symmetry - and Group Theory  Symmetry elements and operations, Classification of molecules in point groups, Introduction to group theory. Symmetry of atomic orbitals, Character table, Reduction of reducible representations, Applications   Lab Equilibrium c...

Syllabus Outline  BZU   Semester-V      BS Chemistry     INORGANIC CHEMISTRY-III  Course Objectives :   Students will acquire knowledge about the physical and chemical properties of d- & f-block elements on the basis of their electronic configurations and structures of coordination compounds on the basis of  VBT, MOT, and CFT  Course Contents:   Coordination complexes:   d-block elements chemistry and coordination chemistry background, nomenclature structure of coordination complexes and nomenclature with coordination number 2-6, chelates and chelate effect, theories of coordination complexes, Werner's theory, valence bond theory (VBT), molecular orbital theory MOT, crystal field theory (CFT) and, magnetic properties, Jahn-Teller theorem, spectral properties, stereochemistry, isomerism,  and stability constants of coordination complexes.  f-block elements  i. Lanthanides: occurrence G...

Syllabus Outline BZU MULTAN  Description of Courses (Physical Chemistry) For BS (4-Year) semester  III   Chemical Thermodynamics:  Introduction to thermodynamics, Three laws of thermodynamics (Zeroth, first and second law) and their applications, Entropy, calorimetry, thermochemistry, reversible and non-reversible processes, spontaneous and non-spontaneous processes, heat capacities, and their dependence on volume, pressure, and temperature, the relationship of entropy and Gibbs free energy with equilibrium constant, Gibbs Helmholtz equation and its applications, Clausius Clapeyron equation  States of Matters: Introduction to physical states of matter, physical properties of liquids, intermolecular forces, surface tension, viscosity, refractive index, dipole moment, etc along with applications, Properties of gases, Kinetic theory of gases, Ideal and Non-ideal gases, Vander Waal's equation, and its relationship with the critical phenomenon, derivation of kinetic ...

Dependence of Heat Capacities on temperature pressure and volume We have defined thus far two quantities which are functions of the state of the system, namely, E and H, also C v and C p . If we tend to confine ourselves to pure substances, then these quantities are functions of any 2 of the 3 variables Pressure, temperature, and volume. In dealing with these variables, it is found that E and C v are most conveniently expressed in terms of T and V, while for H and Cp the best choice is T and P. If we start now with the fact that E = f (T,V)  then   d E = ( d E/ dT ) V d T + ( d E/ d V   ) T d V     …………………………………………(1)  as  ( d E/ dT  ) v = C v  A corresponding expression for   (  d E/ d V   ) T   d V  cannot be obtained without the second law of thermodynamics. However, this relationship is equal with ( d E/ d V   ) T = T ( dP/dT ) v – P……………………………………………………(2) Substituting these v...