Lessons in Chemistry

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Mesopotamia (General Science ADA/ADS/ BS)

Mesopotamia Civilization Mesopotamia is a region in southwest Asia that is a testament to the evolution of human civilization between the ancient rivers Tigris ( River Dajla) and Euphrates( River Farat). The region looks very developed due to its excellent climate and geography. There are traces of many such inventions due to the development of this period. ۔ These include math, maps, sailing boats, the concept of time, and the wheel. this was located in the Middle East. The region consisted of the Eastern Mediterranean and many countries in Southwest Asia. It is also a Cradle of Civilization, Mesopotamia consists of two words, meso , and potamos meaning middle and river respectively. The human beings for the first time in Mesopotamia of the Paleolithic era (14,000 BC) , get settled in houses that came out from the caves. the people of this era are known as Babylonians. The inhabitants of the region lived in small colonies with circular houses. 5,000 years later, these hou...

Stone Age (General Science, ADA/ADS/BS)

Stone Age The stone age is a very large prehistoric duration, in which we see most of tools and weapons were made up of organic material ( plant and animals ) and stone. History of Stone Age The stone age started out approximately 2.6 million years in the past and lasted for more or less 3.4 million years and ended between ( 4000 BCE) and (2000 BCE). while the Bronze Age started out. Why is it known as the Stone Age? The Stone Age was called due to the fact that most human-made things were of stone such as flint (a type of stone ), for weapons, and tools. For lightning firestone was used. Humans lived in caves so they were called cavemen. These stone equipment are the earliest recognized human equipment. How did become life in the Stone Age? Stone Age people had two important concerns - meals and safe haven. People in this stone age were dependent on hunter-gathering for food This method was that they both hunted the meals they wanted or collec...

The Particle in a Box

Particle in a one-dimensional box Consider a particle when it is constrained to move in a rectangular box of dimensions a, b, and c in length. Within the box, i.e., between x = 0 and a, y = 0 also b, z, c = 0 the potential energy is zero, but at the boundaries, it increases suddenly to infinity and remains everywhere outside the box at this value. If we represent U now as the sum of its components along the three coordinate axes, namely, U = U x +U y +U z .....(1) then, by proceeding in the same manner as above, it is feasible to isolate the Schrödinger condition into three differential equations of the structure for every one of the factors. ....(2) Arrangement of Eq. (2) yields between x = 0 and x= a the eigenfunctions obtained are .......(3) and the eigenvalues for the energies E x =n x 2 h 2 /8ma 2 ……... (4) where n x is a quantum number taking on the value n x =1,2,3 etc. similarly the other differe...

Syllabus Outline General Science Semester- I ,ADS/ ADA/BS ,BZU

Syllabus Outline General Science Semester- I ADS/BS Course Description It examines the advanced utilization of the logical technique and the apparatuses and assets that researchers convey to ensure that scientists pass on to guarantee that they produce legitimate and solid assemblages of information Students are then acquainted with three fundamental parts of science Physics, Chemistry, and Biology), their center fundamental standards, significant advancements in these fields and their applications in current life. Understudies will chip away at contextual investigations and lab trials to see how researchers find different functions of nature and the stumbles that they can take while leading any logical request. The last piece of the course centers around the capacities to detach significant science from outskirts science. Students are also exposed to the fundamentals of scientific communication and strategies to identify reliable bodies of knowledge Course Outcomes Through ...

The Carnot Cycle (for ideal gases)

Carnot Cycle (specific for Ideal Gases) If we repeat the Carnot cycle between the temperatures T 2 and T 1 with n moles fan ideal gas, then we have in line with the following Figure (1) Step 1: Isothermal reversible expansion at T 2 Step 2: Adiabatic reversible expansion from T2 to T1 Step 3: Isothermal reversible compression at T1 ∆E3 = 0 W3= -q1 = nRT1 In (V4/V3) Step 4: Adiabatic reversible compression from T1 to T2 For the complete cycle ∆E = 0. So the total maximum work done, W, must be given by W = q2 – q1 Further, W = W1 + W2 + W3 + W4 W = nRT2 ln (V1/V2) + nRT1 1n (V4/V3) because the two integrals cancel each other. so W = q2-q1 = nRT2 ln (V1/V2) + nRT1 1n (V4/V3) ………..(1) ...

Semester V, Physical Chemistry-III.Code Chem-371

Semester V, Course Title: Physical Chemistry-III.Code Chem-371. Credit Hour 03+1 Quantum Chemistry: Photoelectric effect, Black body radiation, Bohr atomic model, line spectra of elements, wave and particle nature of matter, de Broglie's equation, Young's double slit experiment, Heisenberg's uncertainty principle, wavefunctions and Bom interpretation of wavefunctions, probability density, eigenfunctions and Born Hamiltonian operator, Schrödinger wave equation, wavefunctions for hydrogen-like atomic orbitals, radial distribution functions, shielding and penetration effective nuclear charge, orbital energies, periodic trends in the properties of the elements in the periodic table Chemical Application- of Symmetry - and Group Theory Symmetry elements and operations, Classification of molecules in point groups, Introduction to group theory. Symmetry of atomic orbitals, Character table, Reduction of reducible representations, Applications Lab Equilibrium c...